HEX to ASCII conversion

HEX:		ASCII:
This widget converts a string of hexadecimal numbers to ASCII, or vice versa. Type hex into the hex box, or ASCII into the ASCII box, leave the other blank, and hit the translate button. It'll translate whatever's in the filled box into whatever's in the blank box.

Reference:
http://www.idea2ic.com/PlayWithJavascript/hexToAscii.html

solution: SSH login takes long time

vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
   >> UseDNS no

# sshd -ddd
# ssh -vvv 

Reference:
http://ubuntuforums.org/archive/index.php/t-630623.html

get clipboard from a linux VNC server

vi ~/.vnc/xstartup
   >> vncconfig -nowin &

Reference:
http://www.g-loaded.eu/2005/11/10/configure-vnc-server-in-fedora

change realtime priority of a linux process

Get the sample program from here

[root@localhost ~]# uname -a
Linux ... 2.6.21-1.3194.fc7 #1 SMP ... GNU/Linux

# gcc -o realtime linux_realtime.c
# ./realtime
Round-robin quantum is 0 seconds, 99984800 nanoseconds
Sched getparam: current policy 0
Sched getparam: current priority 0
RR min prio: 1
RR max prio: 99
Completed test 0
Completed test 1
Completed test 2
Completed test 3
Completed test 4
Completed test 5
Completed test 6
Completed test 7
Completed test 8
Completed test 9

Reference:
http://www.helsinki.fi/atk/unix/dec_manuals/DOC_40D/APS33DTE/DOCU_003.HTM

Working of traceroute

In Windows:
Windows starts out sending a ping echo request packet with a TTL of 1 to the destination, when a router encounters the packet and begins to process the request it decrements the TTL by 1. When the TTL reaches 0 the router sends back a Time to live exceeded in transit error message. Windows will then two more packets with the same TTL and records the round trip time for that router. Next the Windows client will increment the TTL by 1 reaching each router until the packet finds it final destination and the Windows client receives the echo reply.

Download sample tracert file for windows from here

C:\>tracert www.google.com

Tracing route to www.l.google.com [209.85.231.104]
over a maximum of 30 hops:

  1     3 ms     2 ms     3 ms  192.168.1.1
  2    66 ms    35 ms    39 ms  122.178.216.1
  3    47 ms    90 ms    44 ms  122.166.32.101
  4   116 ms    60 ms    49 ms  122.166.32.9
  5    89 ms   103 ms    53 ms  122.175.255.29
  6    57 ms    43 ms    64 ms  203.101.100.210
  7    67 ms   101 ms    58 ms  72.14.216.229
  8    79 ms    72 ms    38 ms  66.249.94.170
  9    45 ms    35 ms    38 ms  72.14.238.90
 10    39 ms    50 ms    51 ms  maa03s01-in-f104.1e100.net [209.85.231.104]

Trace complete.

In Linux:
Linux starts out sending out 3 UDP packets with a TTL of 1 to the destination, when a router encounters the packet and begins to process the request it decrements the TTL by 1. When the TTL reaches 0 the router sends back a ICMP Time-to-Live Exceeded error message. Next the Linux client will increment the TTL by 1 reaching each router until the packet finds it final destination.

Since you are sending UDP packets with the destination address of the host you are concerned with, once it gets to the destination the UDP packet is wanting to connect to the port that you have sent as the destination port, since it is an uncommon port, it will most like be rejected with an ICMP Destination Unreachable (Type 3), Port Unreachable (Code 3). This ICMP message is sent back to your machine, which will understand this as being the last hop, therefore traceroute will exit, giving you the hops between you and the destination.

Download sample traceroute file for linux from here

# traceroute www.google.com
traceroute to www.google.com (209.85.231.104), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
 1  192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1)  6.246 ms  6.660 ms  10.447 ms
 2  122.178.216.1 (122.178.216.1)  108.220 ms  107.885 ms  108.977 ms
 3  122.166.32.101 (122.166.32.101)  107.723 ms  108.607 ms  118.167 ms
 4  122.166.32.9 (122.166.32.9)  124.062 ms  124.725 ms  135.976 ms
 5  122.175.255.29 (122.175.255.29)  136.151 ms  135.961 ms  136.123 ms
 6  * 203.101.95.30 (203.101.95.30)  69.910 ms  71.222 ms
 7  72.14.216.229 (72.14.216.229)  148.436 ms  148.394 ms  148.744 ms
 8  66.249.94.170 (66.249.94.170)  148.130 ms  148.855 ms  148.582 ms
 9  72.14.238.90 (72.14.238.90)  158.229 ms  158.211 ms  158.363 ms
10  * * *
...
...
29  * * *
30  * * *

Download c program to update mac address from here

gcc -o upmac upmac.c
./upmac trwin.cap trwin2.cap -i 192.168.10.101 \
        -m 00:11:22:33:44:55 -n 00:55:44:33:22:11

Reference:
http://suncoastsecuritysociety.org/blog/2009/08/13/how-does-tracert-work-windows/
http://www.tek-tips.com/faqs.cfm?fid=381
http://www.exit109.com/~jeremy/news/providers/traceroute.html

Network Packet Generator

Use Colasoft Packet generator to create ICMP packet:


npg ascii file to generate ICMP Address Mask
npg ascii file to generate ICMP Echo to google
Use the input from Colosoft packet generator tool to create "ngp ascii packet" packet.txt

npg -vvv -f packet.txt

OR

Get the linux code to send raw 802.3 packet "rawpacket.c".

gcc rawpacket.c -o rawpacket
./rawpacket

Reference:
http://www.wikistc.org/wiki/Network_packet_generator
http://www.colasoft.com/download/products/download_packet_builder.php
Npg1.3.0.zip

Install Canon ZoomBrowser with out CD

Download latest ZoomBrowser EX 6.5.1
update registry by creating following folders

Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Canon\EOS Utility]
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Canon\DPP]
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Canon\ZoomBrowser EX\Install]
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Canon\PhotoStitch
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Canon\EOS Capture]
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Canon\EOSViewerUtility]

Install latest ZoomBrowser EX

Reference:
http://www.northlight-images.co.uk/article_pages/install_canon_software.html

howto create bootable CDROM in linux - 2

Please refer howto create bootable CDROM in linux - 1.

download latest nasm from here.

tar xzvf nasm-2.08.02.tar.gz
cd nasm-2.08.02
./configure && make && make install
/usr/local/bin/nasm got installed

download latest syslinux from here.

tar xzvf syslinux-4.02.tar.gz
cd syslinux-4.02
make && make install
/usr/share/syslinux/isolinux.bin got installed

Install glibc-static from here.
Download BusyBox from here.
Download BusyBox config file from here.

tar xjbf busybox-1.17.1.tar.bz2
cd busybox-1.17.1
cp initrd.config .config
make && make install
_install/* got installed

create initrd:

dd if=/dev/zero of=initrd-new.img bs=1k count=4096
mke2fs -F initrd-new.img
mkdir -p initrd 
mount initrd-new.img initrd -o loop

cd initrd
cp -a ../busybox-1.17.1/_install/* .
mkdir -p bin lib dev etc/init.d mnt proc root sbin sys
cat > etc/inittab << EOF
# This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS

# Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
::askfirst:/bin/sh

# Stuff to do when restarting the init process
::restart:/sbin/init

# Stuff to do before rebooting
::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r
::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff -a
EOF

cat > etc/fstab << EOF
sysfs     /sys       sysfs   defaults 0 0
proc      /proc      proc    defaults 0 0
/dev/sr0  /mnt/cdrom iso9660 defaults 0 0
EOF

cat > etc/init.d/rcS << EOF
#!/bin/sh

mkdir -p /proc /sys /dev/pts /mnt/cdrom 
/bin/mount -t proc proc /proc
/bin/mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys
/sbin/mdev -s 2>/dev/null
/bin/mount -a
mount -t devpts devpts /dev/pts
ln -sf /proc/mounts /etc/mtab

echo "Welcome to busybox powered linux ..."
EOF
chmod +x etc/init.d/rcS

mknod dev/ram0 b 1 0
mknod dev/null c 1 3
mknod dev/tty c 5 0
mknod dev/console c 5 1
mknod dev/tty0 c 4 0
mknod dev/tty1 c 4 1
cd ..
umount initrd
gzip -9 initrd-new.img
mv -f initrd-new.img.gz initrd.img

download linux 2.6.35 config file from here.
create bootable iso image with linux kernel and initrd.img:

yum install genisoimage
cp initrd.img .
cp config.35 .config
make oldconfig
make isoimage FDARGS="root=/dev/ram0 rw" FDINITRD=initrd.img
cp arch/x86/boot/image.iso bootcd.iso

Reference:
http://syslinux.zytor.com/wiki/index.php/Download
http://www.clusters.umaine.edu/wiki/index.php/Building_a_Minimal_Linux_Image

How to check whether the OS installed is 32-bit or 64-bit

Method 1

1. Click Start, then click on Run or Start Search.
2. Type msinfo32.exe and then press Enter key.
3. In “System Information”, review the value for the System Type item:
   * For 32-bit editions of Windows, the value of the System Type item
     is x86-based PC.
   * For 64-bit editions of Windows, the value of the System Type item 
     is x64-based PC.

Method 2

1. Click Start, click Run, type sysdm.cpl, and then click OK.
2. Click the General tab. The operating system appears as follows:
   * For a 64-bit version operating system: Microsoft Windows XP 
     Professional x64 Edition Version <Year> appears under System.
   * For a 32-bit version operating system: Microsoft Windows XP 
     Professional Version <Year> appears under System.

Method 3

1. Click Start, click Run, type winmsd.exe, and then click OK.
2. In the details pane, locate Processor under Item. Note the value.
   * If the value that corresponds to Processor starts with x86, 
     the computer is running a 32-bit version of the Windows operating system.
   * If the value that corresponds to Processor starts with ia64 or AMD64, 
     the computer is running a 64-bit version of the Windows operating system.

reference:
how to check if windows xp system is 32 bit or 64 bit

must install softwares in fedora 13

FFmpeg - FFmpeg is a complete, cross-platform solution to record, convert and stream audio and video.

qBittorrent - The qBittorrent project aims to provide a Free Software alternative to µtorrent.

Pidgin - Pidgin is an easy to use chat client for AIM, MSN, Yahoo, and more all at once.

Howto change gnome keyring password

NetworkManager won't ask for keyring password if login password and gnome-keyring password are same.

How to change the gnome keyring password:

$ seahorse
1. right click "Passwords:login"
2. select "Change Password"

Reference:
http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Tools/NetworkManager

Solution to flashing wifi light in fedora 13

I have Compaq nc6400 laptop which have built-in wireless card.
(Intel Corporation PRO/Wireless 3945ABG)

1. I have enabled wireless and a blue WiFi light started flashing non-stop with traffic.

echo "#add to /etc/modprobe.d/wlan.conf" > /etc/modprobe.d/wlan.conf
echo "options iwlcore led_mode=1" >> /etc/modprobe.d/wlan.conf

2. Restart the machine

Reference:
http://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?f=90&t=44829&start=0
http://linuxfocus.org/~guido/gentoo-x301/

How to install WPA2-PSK in Fedoa 13

I have Compaq nc6400 laptop which have built-in wireless card.
(Intel Corporation PRO/Wireless 3945ABG)(iwl3945)

1. service NetworkManager restart





OR

1. edit wpa_supplicant config file
=> /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf

ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant
ctrl_interface_group=0
ap_scan=1

network={
        ssid="my_network"
        proto=RSN
        key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
        pairwise=CCMP TKIP
        group=CCMP TKIP
        psk="secret_password"
}

2. create "/bin/wireless"

#!/bin/sh

rmmod iwl3945
modprobe iwl3945
sleep 3
ifconfig wlan0 0.0.0.0
wpa_supplicant -d -c/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf -iwlan0 -Dwext

3. sudo wireless
4. sudo ifup wlan0

Reference:
http://hostap.epitest.fi/wpa_supplicant/
http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/Wpa_supplicant
http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/NetworkManager_in_Fedora_13
http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/sources/NetworkManager/0.8/

Howto create custom splash image

1. get the sample image to convert to grub splash from here.

2. gimp Kerala_backwater.jpg

3. quish the image down to 640x480 splash image size with Image > Scale > 640 x 480, Interpolation: Cubic

4. Convert down to the final 14-color indexed splash image format with Image > Mode > Indexed, 14 colors, No dithering, No transparent dithering

5. save it with the name "Kerala_backwater.xpm".

6. gzip -9 Kerala_backwater.xpm

Grub splash image is created with the name Kerala_backwater.xpm.gz.

Reference:
http://www.jnode.org/node/2357

Reliance Netconnect in Fedora 13

you need root permission and wvdial software to use reliance netconnect in fedora.

1. connect reliance data card
2. run the command "wvdialconf"

$ sudo wvdialconf 
Editing `/etc/wvdial.conf'.

Scanning your serial ports for a modem.

Modem Port Scan<*1>: S0   S1   S2   S3   
WvModem<*1>: Cannot get information for serial port.
ttyUSB0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- OK
ttyUSB0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 Z -- OK
ttyUSB0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 -- OK
ttyUSB0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 -- OK
ttyUSB0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 -- OK
ttyUSB0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0 -- OK
ttyUSB0<*1>: Modem Identifier: ATI -- Manufacturer: +GMI: HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD
ttyUSB0<*1>: Speed 9600: AT -- OK
ttyUSB0<*1>: Max speed is 9600; that should be safe.
ttyUSB0<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0 -- OK
WvModem<*1>: Cannot get information for serial port.
ttyUSB1<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- failed with 2400 baud, next try: 9600 baud
ttyUSB1<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- failed with 9600 baud, next try: 9600 baud
ttyUSB1<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- and failed too at 115200, giving up.
WvModem<*1>: Cannot get information for serial port.
ttyUSB2<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 -- OK
ttyUSB2<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 Z -- OK
ttyUSB2<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 -- OK
ttyUSB2<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 -- OK
ttyUSB2<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 -- OK
ttyUSB2<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0 -- OK
ttyUSB2<*1>: Modem Identifier: ATI -- Manufacturer: +GMI: HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD
ttyUSB2<*1>: Speed 9600: AT -- OK
ttyUSB2<*1>: Max speed is 9600; that should be safe.
ttyUSB2<*1>: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0 -- OK

Found a modem on /dev/ttyUSB0.
Modem configuration written to /etc/wvdial.conf.
ttyUSB0: Speed 9600; init "ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0"
ttyUSB2: Speed 9600; init "ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0"

3. update "/etc/wvdial.conf"

[Dialer Defaults]
Init1 = ATZ
Init2 = ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0
Modem Type = Analog Modem
; Phone = 
ISDN = 0
; Password = 
; Username = 
Phone = #777
Modem = /dev/ttyUSB0
Username = 93XXXXXXXX
Password = 93XXXXXXXX
Baud = 9600

4. run the command "wvdial"

$ sudo wvdial
--> WvDial: Internet dialer version 1.61
--> Cannot get information for serial port.
--> Initializing modem.
--> Sending: ATZ
ATZ
OK
--> Sending: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0
ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2 +FCLASS=0
OK
--> Modem initialized.
--> Sending: ATDT#777
--> Waiting for carrier.
ATDT#777
CONNECT
--> Carrier detected.  Waiting for prompt.
^DSDORMANT:1
--> Don't know what to do!  Starting pppd and hoping for the best.
--> Starting pppd at Sat Aug 21 14:24:31 2010
--> Pid of pppd: 16220
--> Using interface ppp0
--> pppd: @�:[08]��:[08]
--> pppd: @�:[08]��:[08]
--> pppd: @�:[08]��:[08]
--> local  IP address 115.XXX.XXX.XXX
--> pppd: @�:[08]��:[08]
--> remote IP address 220.XXX.XXX.XXX
--> pppd: @�:[08]��:[08]
--> primary   DNS address 202.XXX.XXX.XXX
--> pppd: @�:[08]��:[08]
--> secondary DNS address 202.XXX.XXX.XXX
--> pppd: @�:[08]��:[08]

5. update "/etc/resolv.con"

nameserver 202.XXX.XXX.XXX

reference:
http://www.gnulinux.in/blog/my-user-experience-reliance-netconnect-broadband-service-and-ubuntu-904

How to Resize Windows Taskbar

How to move the Windows taskbar,

==> Right-click on a blank area in the taskbar and deselect "Lock the Toolbar". A divider line should appear next to the Start button.
==> Left-click the area between the Start button and your divider.
==> While keeping the left mouse button pressed, drag the taskbar to the new location. (top, bottom, left or right)
==> Release your mouse.
==> Right-click any blank area and Lock the Toolbar.

Map a Drive Letter to a Local Folder

Download Windows Drive add script from here.

ren MyDL.sh MyDL.bat
MyDL Z: c:\Windows
subst Z: C:\Windows

or

set key="HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\DOS Devices"
set DRV="Z:"
set FP="C:\Windows"
reg ADD %key% /V %DRV% /T REG_SZ /F /D "\??\\%FP%"
subst Z: C:\Windows

Reference:
http://code.google.com/p/psubst
http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/windows-vista/map-a-drive-letter-to-a-folder-the-easy-way-in-windows
http://www.windowsitpro.com/article/tips/jsi-tip-9375-how-can-i-create-a-drive-letter-for-a-local-folder-and-have-it-available-to-all-users-.aspx

howto create bootable CDROM in linux

Download BusyBox from here.
Download BusyBox config file from here.
Download ISO build script from here.

Make sure Linux has he following configs enabled:

CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD=y
CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE=""

CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM=y
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_COUNT=16
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_SIZE=4096

# chmod +x script.sh
# ./script.sh
untarring busybox...OK
making busybox...OK
making initrd...OK
crreating iso image...OK
making ISO image (grub.iso)...OK

Test "grub.iso" in VmWare:

RAMDISK: gzip image found at block 0
EXT4-fs (ram0): mounted filesystem without journal
VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem) readonly on device 1:0
Freeing unused kernel memory: 276k freed

BusyBox v1.17.1 (2010-08-03 19:24:37 IST) built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of build-in commands.

/bin/sh: can't access tty: job control turned off
#

Reference:
http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO/cd-roms.html
http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/LinuxTutorialCDBurn.html

http://linuxtuneup.blogspot.com/2006/01/slipstreaming-windows-cd-under-linux.html
http://odin.himinbi.org/xp_cds/eltorito_extraction.html

http://alinux.tv/Kernel-2.6.34/initrd.txt
http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Initramfs

findout name and ip of machines in the network

Download latest version of WinPcap from here (1.4.2).
Download latest version of namp from here (1.2.9).

C:\>nmap -sP 192.168.10.0/24

Nmap scan report for 192.168.10.1
Host is up (0.041s latency).
MAC Address: 00:24:01:XX:YY:ZZ (D-Link)

Nmap scan report for 192.168.10.100
Host is up (0.047s latency).
MAC Address: 00:1F:3B:XX:YY:ZZ (Intel Corporate)

Nmap scan report for 192.168.10.101
Host is up.
--> ME

Nmap scan report for 192.168.10.102
Host is up (0.078s latency).
MAC Address: 00:1C:DF:XX:YY:ZZ (Belkin International)

Nmap scan report for 192.168.10.104
Host is up (0.00s latency).
MAC Address: 00:19:D2:XX:YY:ZZ (Intel)

Nmap done: 256 IP addresses (5 hosts up) scanned in 4.94 seconds

This command took almost 15-20 min

FOR /L %i IN (1,1,254) DO ping -n 1 192.168.10.%i | FIND /i "Reply">> c:\ipaddr.txt
 Reply from 192.168.10.1: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=64
 Reply from 192.168.10.101: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
 Reply from 192.168.10.102: bytes=32 time=3ms TTL=128

Reference:
http://nmap.org
http://www.winpcap.org
http://www.petri.co.il/quickly_find_used_ip_addresses.htm

automate switch commands for Nortel Baystack

download the perl script loop.pl

# yum install perl-Net-Telnet

# chmod +x loop.pl
# ./loop.pl <switch IP Address>
  loop.pl version 1.0.0; running on linux; perl version 5.008008
  Connecting with Telnet to ...........OK
  sysUpTime:             31 days, 21:49:32
  sysUpTime:             31 days, 21:49:39
  sysUpTime:             31 days, 21:49:46
  sysUpTime:             31 days, 21:49:53
  sysUpTime:             31 days, 21:50:00
  sysUpTime:             31 days, 21:50:07
  sysUpTime:             31 days, 21:50:14
  sysUpTime:             31 days, 21:50:21
  sysUpTime:             31 days, 21:50:28
  sysUpTime:             31 days, 21:50:35

Reference:
http://cosimo.europe.nortel.com/Scripts/acg.pl/acg.pl

create a ramfs in VxWorks

In Linux:

# mkdir -p /mnt/tmp
# mount -t tmpfs -o size=20m tmpfs /mnt/tmp
# mount
  tmpfs on /mnt/tmp type tmpfs (rw,size=20m)

# df -h
  tmpfs                  20M     0   20M   0% /mnt/tmp
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/tmp/file bs=1024 count=1024
# df -h
  tmpfs                  20M  1.1M   19M   6% /mnt/tmp

# mkfs -t ext3 -L "RamDisk 1" /dev/ram0

# mkdir -p /mnt/rd
# mount /dev/ram0 /mnt/rd -t ext3
# mount
  /dev/ram0 on /mnt/rd type ext3 (rw)

# df -h
  /dev/ram0             3.9M  1.1M  2.7M  29% /mnt/rd
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/rd/file bs=1024 count=1024
# df -h
  /dev/ram0             3.9M  2.1M  1.7M  56% /mnt/rd

In VxWorks:

I hate VxWorks

Reference:
http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2008/11/overview-of-ramfs-and-tmpfs-on-linux
http://www.vanemery.com/Linux/Ramdisk/ramdisk.html

http://www.fys.uio.no/studier/kurs/fys4220/docs/vxworks/guide/index.html
http://www.fys.uio.no/studier/kurs/fys4220/docs/vxworks/guide/c-iosys7.html

encrypt/decrypt with openssl

# echo "hi there" > test
# openssl aes-128-cbc -in test -base64 -k password
  U2FsdGVkX18mc7Sq6Q3CqPVbNe3Kp7Pyqr2sDo7rQTE=

# openssl aes-128-cbc -in test -base64 -k password > test.enc
# openssl enc -d -in test.enc -k password
  U2FsdGVkX18z0h1BxcQtiQ7Fq7xKnabTC8fZnmw1bOE=

# openssl aes-128-cbc -d -in test.enc -k password -base64
  hi there

# echo -n "" | md5sum
  d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e
# echo -n "hi there" | md5sum
  fd33e2e8ad3cb1bdd3ea8f5633fcf5c7

Reference:
http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~jrblack/class/csci6268/f05/slides/CSCI6268L12.ppt
http://www.mydigitallife.info/2008/12/10/how-to-calculate-and-generate-md5-hash-value-in-linux-and-unix-with-md5sum

mount baystack binary config file

Download baystack binary config file from here.

# hexdump baystack.bin -C -n 1024
00000000  00 01 00 00 00 01 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000010  00 00 00 00 00 00 41 41  00 30 00 00 01 00 00 0b  |......AA.0......|
00000020  00 30 00 0f 00 10 00 04  35 2e 30 2e 32 2e 30 33  |.0......5.0.2.03|
00000030  33 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |3...............|
00000040  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
00000070  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 c3 37 a3 f3 eb 3e  |...........7...>|
00000080  90 56 58 44 4f 53 31 32  00 00 02 01 01 00 02 70  |.VXDOS12.......p|
00000090  00 00 08 f9 06 00 11 00  01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000000a0  00 00 00 00 29 ff ff ff  ff 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |....)...........|
000000b0  00 00 00 00 46 41 54 31  32 20 20 20 00 00 00 00  |....FAT12   ....|
000000c0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
*
00000270  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 55 aa f9 ff  |............U...|
00000280  ff ff 9f 09 ff 6f 00 ff  ff ff ff ff 04 ff ff ff  |.....o..........|
00000290  0d f0 ff ff 0f 01 11 20  01 13 40 01 15 60 01 17  |....... ..@..`..|
000002a0  80 01 19 a0 01 1b c0 01  1d e0 01 1f 00 02 21 20  |..............! |

# dd if=baystack.bin of=msdos.img bs=1 skip=126
# mkdir mnt
# mount msdos.img mnt/ -o loop
# ls mnt/
a_inspct.nvr  clfrdata.qpa  gblCfg.nvr    ipt_ping      password.nvr
qctempl.cfg   softlic       telCfg.nvr    apps          def_cmd.nvr
ifcmap.qpa    l3dhcpr.nvr   pdtCfg.nvr    quickset.cfg  staticrt.cfg
usbcfg.nvr    asc_cfg       d_snoop.nvr   igmp.nvr      l3mgr.nvr
plcycomp.qpa  qVlan         stpcfg2.nvr   buttonui.nvr  eap_enh.nvr
ipmgrcfg.nvr  mltScfgS.nvr  pmtCfg.nvr    rtccfg.nvr    stpcfg.nvr
cfgfile.nvr   eap.nvr       ipt_cfg       neap.nvr      polcfg.nvr
snmpv3        syslog

Reference:
http://www.c-jump.com/CIS24/Slides/FAT/lecture.html

SerDes

Some of the standard interface used to connect MAC-block to a PHY chip are AUI, MII, GMII, and XAUI.

AUI : Attachment Unit Interface (for 10 megabit Ethernet)
MII : Medium Independent Interface, 4bit wide data path (for 100 megabit Ethernet)
GMII : Gigabit MII, 8bit wide data path (25 pin parallel) (for gigabit Ethernet)
-> RGMII : Reduced Gigabit MII (12 pin parrallel)
-> SGMII : Serial Gigabit MII (4 pins per port)
XAUI : A 10G AUI (for 10 gigabit Ethernet).

A SERDES (serializer/deserializer) transceiver converts parallel data to/from serial data, thereby reducing the number of signals needed in a chip to chip interface.

The System Packet Interface Level 4 Phase 2 (SPI4.2) is a high-speed interconnection for 10Gbps aggregate bandwidth applications.

NPI - PCI target Network Packet Interface.

Reference:
http://pinouts.ru/Net/mii_pinout.shtml
http://40gethernet.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/overview-of-the-xaui-xlaui-and-caui-part1/
http://www.commsdesign.com/design_corner/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=16505086
http://www.latticesemi.com/products/intellectualproperty/referencedesigns/xauihigighigigtospi4x2s4b/index.cfm
http://opencores.org/project,smii

multi-boot in embedded device

My device have U-Boot boot loader and 64MB cavium-nand flash (for "kernel" and "filesystem"). How can i support dual-boot in it???

I have decided to format the NAND flash like this:

/dev/mtd0 : 0x00000000-0x00300000 :  3 MB : "kernel1"
/dev/mtd1 : 0x00300000-0x01300000 : 16 MB : "cramfs1"

/dev/mtdblock2 : 0x01300000-0x01700000 :  4 MB : "jffs2"
/dev/mtdblock3 : 0x01700000-0x01800000 :  1 MB : "nvram"

/dev/mtd4 : 0x01800000-0x01b00000 :  3 MB : "kernel2"
/dev/mtd5 : 0x01b00000-0x02b00000 : 16 MB : "cramfs2"

And made device soft link like:

/dev/mtd-kernel     -> mtd0
/dev/mtd-rfs        -> mtd1

/dev/mtd-kernel-alt -> mtd4
/dev/mtd-rfs-alt    -> mtd5

How does U-Boot does the boot process:

1. Read kernel from NAND to RAM
2. un-compress the kernel to RAM
3. execute kernel

Ex:-
bootcmd=nand read <TO> <FROM> <SIZE>; \
        gunzip <FROM> <SIZE> <TO> <MAX SIZE>; \
        bootoctlinux <NEW FROM> root=/dev/mtdblock1 ${mtdparts}

bootcmd=nand read 0x500000 0x00000 0x300000; \
        gunzip 0x500000 0x300000 0x2800000 0xf00000; \
        bootoctlinux 0x2800000 root=/dev/mtdblock1 ${mtdparts}

Solution:

1. get the current kernel information from U-Boot parameter
2. burnel kernel image in alternate locations (mtd0, mtd5)
3. update U-Boot parameter

Ideal U-Boot parameters:

bootcmd=run boot1
altbootcmd=run boot2

boot1=namedfree __tmp_reserved_bootloader; \
      nand read 500000 00000 300000; \
      run boot11
boot2=namedfree __tmp_reserved_bootloader; \
      nand read 500000 1800000 300000; \
      run boot21

mtdparts=mtdparts=cavium-nand:3072k(kernel1),16384k(cramfs1), \ 
                              4096k(jffs2),1024k(nvram), \
                              3072k(kernel2),16384k(cramfs2),3072k()

boot11=gunzip 0x500000 300000 0x2800000 0xf00000; \
       bootoctlinux 2800000 root=/dev/mtdblock1 ${mtdparts}
boot21=gunzip 0x500000 300000 0x2800000 0xf00000; \
       bootoctlinux 2800000 root=/dev/mtdblock5 ${mtdparts}

firmware upgrade script:

#!/bin/sh

bootcmd=`bootenv -d bootcmd`
altcmd=`bootenv -d altbootcmd`

if [ "$bootcmd" == "run boot1" ];
then
    kernelimage="/dev/mtd-kernel-alt"
    rfsimage="/dev/mtd-rfs-alt"
else
    kernelimage="/dev/mtd-kernel"
    rfsimage="/dev/mtd-rfs"
fi

# Kernel in mtd-kernel
echo "Erasing the kernel image in $kernelimage"
echo -n "Flashing in the new kernel image. Please wait..."

# Root File System in mtd-rfs 
echo "Erasing the root f/s image in $rfsimage"
echo -n "Flashing in the new root f/s image. Please wait..."

if [ "$bootcmd" == "run boot1" ];
then
    echo "Setting new bootcmd as run boot2 and backup as run boot1"
    bootenv -s bootver "$upgradeVersion"
    bootenv -s bootcmd "run boot2"
    bootenv -s altbootver "$existingVersion"
    bootenv -s altbootcmd "run boot1"
else
    echo "Setting new bootcmd as run boot1 and backup as run boot2"
    bootenv -s bootver "$upgradeVersion"
    bootenv -s bootcmd "run boot1"
    bootenv -s altbootver "$existingVersion"
    bootenv -s altbootcmd "run boot2"
fi

/bin/sync
/bin/sleep 2

# Reboot
exec /sbin/init -r

Reference:

How To: Add Subtitles to your PS3 Movies

The types of video formats supported by PS3 are MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MP4, AVI, DivX, WMV etc.

There are two such subtitle formats that can be used
1. The XSUB format - where the generated bitmaps are presented as an additional stream inserted in the video file itself. This works only with avi files. In this case another avi is generated that has the subtitles incorporated.
2. The idx/sub format - This format uses a pair of files, one with extension idx and another with extension sub. These files go together and replace the srt in your player.

AVIAddXSubs takes an AVI with XVID/DIVX content plus SRT/IDX/SUB files and merges them into a DIVX container (XSUB) which is what the PS3 supports. PS3 from firmware version 2.2 supports XSUB subtitles.


Reference:
http://www.calcitapp.com/AVIAddXSubs.php
http://dontcthis.com/2009/09/how-to-add-subtitles-to-your-ps3-movies
http://manuals.playstation.net/document/en/ps3/3_15/video/filetypes.html

Equal Cost Multipath (ECMP) routing

In Nortel BayStack switches ECMP requires separate license. So that does it provide extra???

Many of today's businesses measure network downtime in millions of dollars per minute. With ECMP, network managers can increase the capacity of backbone trunks and virtually eliminate network downtime.

This routing mechanism enables packet routing along multiple paths with equal cost and ensures load balancing. With ECMP, a new gateway is chosen for each new source/destination IP pair. For example, one FTP connection will use only one link, but new connection to a different server will use another link.

--> The ECMP routes can be created by routing protocols (RIP or OSPF), or by adding a static route with multiple gateways.
--> The ECMP routes can be created by adding a static route with multiple gateways.

In BayStack, ECMP allows up to 4 paths to pass traffic simultaneously.

5650TD#show ip route
=========================================================
                                        Ip Route
=========================================================
DST             MASK            NEXT            COST TYPE
---------------------------------------------------------
0.0.0.0         0.0.0.0         47.152.228.1    10   IB
47.152.228.0    255.255.255.0   47.152.228.226  1    DB
Total Routes: 2
----------------------------------------------------------
TYPE Legend:
I=Indirect Route, D=Direct Route, A=Alternative Route, B=
Best Route, E=Ecmp Route, U=Unresolved Route, N=Not in HW

5650TD(config)# maximum-path 2
Access not granted.
Contact support@nortel.com to update Software license.

5650TD(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 47.152.228.254 10
% Cannot modify settings
% ECMP: Maximum allowed IP paths already reached

Reference:
http://www.mikrotik.com/testdocs/ros/2.9/ip/route.php
http://www.networkaccess.ru/catalogue/Network_equipment/switches/nortel

Proxy Auto-Detect, how does it affect YM???

Recently i had an issue with Yahoo Messenger, the login was failing all the time and troubleshoot give the following error.

Checking virtual IP servers...
[VIP Raw] Resolving host name us1.proxy.mycomp.com... [PASSED]
[VIP Raw] Connecting to Virtual IP server 75.X.Y.Z... [FAILED]
 ***  'COMPONENT_TYPE_WININET' value: '12017' ***
[VIP Raw] Connecting to Virtual IP server 75.X.Y.Z...
[VIP Raw] Connecting to Virtual IP server 75.X.Y.Z... [FAILED]
 ***  'COMPONENT_TYPE_WININET' value: '12017' ***
[VIP Raw] Connecting to Virtual IP server 75.X.Y.Z... [FAILED]
 ***  'COMPONENT_TYPE_WININET' value: '12017' ***
[VIP Raw] FAILED
 ***  'COMPONENT_TYPE_YCP' YCPError: 'YMSG.ColoSelectionTimeout' ***

IE8 -> Tools -> Internet Options -> Connections -> 
LAN Settings -> Automatically detect settings (uncheck it)

# nslookup wpad
   Name: wpad.mycomp.com
   Address: 79.X1.Y1.Z1
# http://wpad/wpad.dat
  --> return "PROXY us1.proxy.mycomp.com:8000;";
# The proxy server redirects all HTTP req to auth page

# The same was happening to YM and hence the issue.
# It seems IE, Chrome and YM are sharing same configuration.
# what the ..ck???

Reference:
http://blog.freyguy.com/archives/2006/03/01/proxy-auto-detect-ie-and-firefox
http://www.grape-info.com/doc/win2000srv/internet-gw/wpad/index.html

C FAQ

Reference:
http://c-faq.com
http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/c-faq/c-2.html
http://home.netcom.com/~tjensen/ptr/pointers.htm

How To: Setup SSH/SCP without a password

If you want to ssh from homebox to servermachine with out prompting for password pls go through the rest.

From Linux machine

[humblejo@homebox .ssh]$ 
 Generate public/private dsa key pair
 ssh-keygen -t dsa
 chmod 600 id_dsa id_dsa.pub
 scp id_dsa.pub root@servermachine:/root/.ssh/tmpkey

[root@servermachine .ssh]# 
 cat tmpkey >> authorized_keys

[humblejo@homebox ~]$ 
 ssh root@servermachine
 ssh login without password is done...

From Windows machine

1. Download windows SSH client package PuTTY 0.60 from here

2. use puttygen.exe to generate public/private dsa key pair
2.a. Type of key to generate: SSH-2 DSA
2.b. Number of bits in a generated key: 1024

3. save private key without passphrase protection
4. Add pagent.exe on startup and add host private key on it

5. Add public key in the server machine
5.a. [root@servermachine ~]# 
     ssh-keygen -i -f tmpkey >> /root/.ssh/authorized_keys

6. PuTTY configuration -> Connection -> Data
   --> Auto-login user name ==> "root"

Reference:
http://www.hostingrails.com/HowTo-SSH-SCP-without-a-password

enable clipboard tranfer in linux vncserver

Being not able to copy/paste from linux machine through vncviewer was bugging me for a couple of day :(

Here is the solution:

vncconfig -nowin &
done...

vi ~/.vnc/xstartup
>>> vncconfig -nowin &
restart the linux machine...

step to kill a running vncserver:

cat ~/.vnc/hostname.4.pid

vncserver -kill :4
done...

reference:
http://linux.die.net/man/1/vncconfig
http://www.realvnc.com/products/free/4.1/man/vncserver.html

How to: Setup a time server in linux

Configaration on NTP server (Linux machine)

cat > /etc/ntp.conf << EOF
server 0.pool.ntp.org
server 1.pool.ntp.org

server 127.127.1.0 # local clock
fudge 127.127.1.0 stratum 12

restrict default ignore
restrict 0.pool.ntp.org nomodify notrap noquery
restrict 1.pool.ntp.org nomodify notrap noquery
restrict 192.168.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0 nomodify notrap
restrict 127.0.0.1

driftfile /var/lib/ntp/drift
EOF

yum install ntp
ntpdate -b pool.ntp.org

chkconfig --level 2345 ntpd on
service ntpd restart

wait for around 20 min for NTP server to initialize
check with "ntpq -p" the output should be like this:
make sure "*LOCAL(0)" is there ("*" is important here).

# ntpq -p
     remote           refid      st t when poll reach   delay   offset  jitter
==============================================================================
 adelaide.ip4.ph .INIT.          16 u    -   64    0    0.000    0.000   0.000
 ox.eicat.ca     .INIT.          16 u    -   64    0    0.000    0.000   0.000
*LOCAL(0)        .LOCL.          12 l   14   64  377    0.000    0.000   0.001

Configuration on NTP client (Windows machine)

net stop w32time && net start w32time
w32tm /config /manualpeerlist:192.168.0.105 /syncfromflags:manual /update
w32tm /resync /rediscover

Other configuration commands on NTP Client (windows machine)

w32tm /config /syncfromflags:domhier /update
w32tm /resync /rediscover

w32tm /stripchart /computer:192.168.0.105 /samples:3 /dataonly
w32tm /monitor /computers:192.168.0.105

Configuration on NTP client (Linux machine)

ntpdate 192.168.0.105

service ntpd stop
ntpdate 0.pool.ntp.org

Configure SNTP client on Nortel switch

(config)# clock time-zone IST +5 30
(config)# clock source sntp

(config)# sntp server primary address 192.168.0.105
(config)# sntp enable

(config)# show clock
    Current SNTP time  :    2010-04-27 20:30:26 GMT+05:30
    Daylight saving time is DISABLED
    Time zone is set to 'IST', offset from UTC is 05:30

Reference:
Introduction to NTP
Another blog - an help for NTP server configuration
http://www.tuxweb.net/howto/ntp/network_time_howto.html
http://www.meinberg.de/english/info/ntp.htm
http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Servers/WebHome
The_NTP_Server
sntp.pl

lldp in Nortel switches

SynOptics Network Management Protocol (SONMP) --> Bay Network Management Protocol (BNMP) or Bay Discovery Protocol (BDP) --> Nortel Discovery Protocol (NDP)

Nortel switch 425 and 55x0 series support LLDP with a 5.x firmware.

show lldp neighbors

SONMP is supported only on Nortel switches and routers and is enabled by default. The Network Management Module table shows the slot number and port number of the remote device used to send out the topology packet.

show autotopology nmm-table

LLDP frames are sent by equipments on each port at a fixed frequency.
LLDP-MED (Media Endpoint Discovery) is an enhancement of LLDP.
Sample LLDP packets captured are: lldp.minimal.pcap, lldp.detailed.pcap, lldpmed_civicloc.pcap

Steps to install LLDP agent in a Linux machine:
download lldp demon from here.

./configure
make
make install

mkdir /var/run/lldpd
useradd _lldpd

lldpd

# lldpctl
  LLDP neighbors:
  Interface:    eth0, via: LLDP, RID: 1, Time: 0 day, 19:20:38
    Chassis:
      ChassisID:    mac AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:00
      SysName:      Not received
      SysDescr:     Not received
    Port:
      PortID:       mac AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:15
      PortDescr:    Not received

This means eth0 of the current linux machine is connected to the port 15 of the switch with mac address AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:00.

Reference:
https://trac.luffy.cx/lldpd/wiki/CompatibleHardware#SONMP
https://trac.luffy.cx/lldpd/wiki/CompatibleHardware#Nortel
http://wiki.wireshark.org/SampleCaptures

customised ethtool

download customised ethtool.c from here.

# ./ethtool eth0
driver: pcnet32
version: 1.35
firmware-version:
bus-info: 0000:00:11.0

Reference:
ethtool.c
netdrv_ethtool.c

AVL Tree

an AVL tree is a self-balancing binary search tree.
Lookup, insertion, and deletion all take O(log n).
The balance factor of a node is the height of its left subtree minus the height of its right subtree.
A node with balance factor 1, 0, or −1 is considered balanced.

a. Right rotation:

                  -2                             -1
                  80                             80
              /        \                     /        \
           -2            -1                0            -1
           30            100              15            100
         /   \         /                 /   \         /
       -1     0       0                -1     0       0
       15     40     90      ==>       10     30     90 
      /  \                            /      /  \
    -1    0                          0      0    0
    10    20                         5     20    40
   /                        
  0                         
  5                         

b. Double Rotation:

i. Left Rotaion at 30:

               -2                               -2
               80                               80
           /        \                       /        \
        +1             0                 -1             0
        30            100                50            100
      /   \         /     \            /   \         /     \
    -1     +1      0       0        -1      -1      0       0
    20     50     90      120       30      60     90      120
   /      /  \                     /  \    /
  0      0    -1                  -1   0  0 
 10     40    60                  20  40  55 
             /                   /          
            0                   0
            55                  10

ii. Right Rotation at 80:

                -2                            0
                80                           50
            /        \                   /        \
         -1             0             -1             0
         50            100            30            80 
       /   \         /     \        /   \         /     \
    -1      -1      0       0     -1     0      -1       0
    30      60     90      120    20     40     60      100
   /  \    /                     /             /       /   \
  -1   0  0                     0             0       0     0
  20  40  55                   10             55      90   120
 /
0
10

ALV Implemention File - avltree.c
AVL Tree Header File - avltree.h
Macro for Fatal Error - fatal.h
Test Program for AVL Tree - testavl.c
Makefile - Makefile

Reference:
www.cs.virginia.edu/~cs216/Fall2005/notes/avl_handout.pdf
http://cis.stvincent.edu/carlsond/swdesign/avltrees/avltrees.html
http://www.cs.uiuc.edu/class/fa05/cs400/_resources/_practice/avlsoln.html
http://cprogramminglanguage.net/avl-tree.aspx

How To: Setup A Linux Syslog Server

redirect all dhcp messages to /var/log/boot.log
redirect all other messages to /var/log/messages
snmptrapd is listening on udp port 162
syslogd is listening on udp port 514

--> /etc/dhcpd.conf
>>> log-facility local7;

--> /etc/syslog.conf
>>> *.info;mail.none;authpriv.none;cron.none;local7.none \
        /var/log/messages
>>>local7.*  /var/log/boot.log

--> /etc/sysconfig/syslog
>>> SYSLOGD_OPTIONS="-m 0 -r"

# service dhcpd restart
# service syslog restart
# tail -f /var/log/messages

find the process name who is using port 162:

netstat -nlp | grep ":162"
netstat -nlp | awk '/:162 / {split($6,t,"/"); print t[2]}'

@echo off

for /F "usebackq tokens=4" %%f in (`netstat -ano ^| find ":%1"`) do call :process %%f
for /F "usebackq tokens=5" %%f in (`netstat -ano ^| find ":%1"`) do call :process %%f
goto :eof

:process
tasklist /FI "PID eq %1" /NH

configure syslog and snmptrap in baystack

(config)# logging remote address 192.168.80.10
(config)# logging remote level critical
(config)# logging remote level serious
(config)# logging remote level informational
(config)# logging remote enable
(config)# show logging config
        Remote Logging: Enabled
        Remote Logging Address: 192.168.80.10
        Event Types To Log Remotely: Critical, Serious, Informational

(config)# snmp-server community public ro
(config)# snmp-server community private rw
(config)# show snmp-server view
(config)# snmp-server community humble read-view nncli \
          write-view nncli notify-view nncli
(config)# show snmp-server community
(config)# snmp-server host 192.168.80.10 v2c humble
(config)# snmp-server enable

configure syslog and snmptrap in WC-8180

WC8180(config)# logging remote address 192.168.80.10
WC8180(config)# logging remote level critical
WC8180(config)# logging remote level serious
WC8180(config)# logging remote level informational
WC8180(config)# logging remote enable
WC8180(config)#show logging system config 
Event Logging: Enabled
Volatile Logging Option: Overwrite
Event Types To Log: Critical, Serious, Informational
Event Types To Log To NV Storage: Critical
Remote Logging: Disabled
Remote Logging Address: 192.168.80.10
Secondary Remote Logging Address: 0.0.0.0
Event Types To Log Remotely: Critical, Serious, Informational

WC8180(config)# snmp-server community ro
>> public
WC8180(config)# snmp-server community rw
>> private
WC8180(config)# show snmp-server view
WC8180(config)# snmp-server community read-view nncli \
          write-view nncli notify-view nncli
>> humble
(config)# snmp-server host 192.168.80.10 v2c humble
(config)# snmp-server enable

configure SNMP Trap Server:

--> vi /etc/snmp/snmptrapd.conf
>>> disableAuthorization yes

//snmptrapd -f -Le

service snmptrapd restart

send fake SNMP Trap to SNMP Trap Server:

#!/usr/bin/perl
use SNMP_util "0.54";  # load BER and SNMP_Session

# /usr/lib/perl5/vendor_perl/5.8.8/SNMP_Session.pm
# snmptrap($host, $ent, $agent, $gen, $spec, @vars);
snmptrap("public\@localhost:162", ".1.3.6.1.4.1.2789",
         "192.168.80.115", "6", "3301",
         ".1.3.6.1.4.1.2789.3301.1", "int", "4278475",
         ".1.3.6.1.4.1.2789.3301.2", "string", "DB Stopped");

snmptrap -Ddumph_send,dumpv_send -v 2c -c public \
      localhost:162 3 0 \
      .1.3.6.1.4.1.2789.3301.1 i 4278475 \
      .1.3.6.1.4.1.2789.3301.2 s "DB Stopped"

Reference:
http://www.linuxhomenetworking.com/wiki/index.php/Quick_HOWTO_:_Ch05_:_Troubleshooting_Linux_with_syslog
http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/networking_2ndEd/snmp/ch10_03.htm
http://www.rekk.de/bloggy/2007/find-process-id-by-port-number

script to clean linux 2.6.33 for x86

#!/bin/sh

ARCHDIRS="alpha blackfin h8300 m68knommu mn10300 s390 arm \
cris m32r microblaze parisc sh avr32 frv ia64 m68k mips \
powerpc sparc xtensa score"

echo -n "deleting"
for DIR in $ARCHDIRS; do
    echo -n " $DIR"
    rm -rf arch/$DIR
done

echo " Documentation"
rm -rf Documentation

echo ""
echo "creating Documentation Kbuild"
mkdir -p Documentation/DocBook
touch Documentation/Kbuild Documentation/DocBook/Kbuild

Reference:
script-remove-unwanted-folders-from.html

Payment Systems in India

RTGS - Real Time Gross Settlement
This is the fastest possible money transfer system through the banking channel. The minimum amount to be remitted through RTGS is Rs.1 lakh.
NEFT - National Electronics Funds Transfer
NEFT settlement takes place 6 times a day during the week days (9.00 am, 11.00 am, 12.00 noon. 13.00 hours, 15.00 hours and 17.00 hours) and 3 times during Saturdays (9.00 am, 11.00 am and 12.00 noon).
ECS - Electronic Clearing System

http://www.visa.com
http://www.mastercard.com

Visa’s Card Verification Value (CVV / CVV2)
MasterCard’s Card Validation Code (CVC / CVC2)

=> Cardholder Verification is done in a traditional retail environment by reading a card's magnetic stripe with a point-of-sale (POS) terminal and verifiying Visa/Discover's Card Verification Value (CVV) or Mastercard's Card Validation Code (CVC).
=> However, the swipe cannot be validated when the card or a POS reader is not present. The goal of CVN programs are to provide a similar type of verification when the card is not present (online???).
=> The CVN is uniquely associated with the plastic card that is currently issued to the Cardholder. This number is never printed on a receipt or cardholder statement, nor may it be stored in a merchants' computer system. MasterCard refers to the code as CVC2, and Visa as CVV2.

Reference:
http://www.rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/FAQView.aspx
Payment Systems in India - Vision 2005-08
rbi-plans-new-payment-systems-1
rbi-plans-new-payment-systems-2
Cardholder Verification Number (CVN)

favicon

where its used???
Browsers displays a page's favicon in the browser's address bar, next to the page's name in a list of bookmarks and in tabbed browsing tabs.

how to enable favicon in firefox???
# In the address bar, type about:config
# In the filter box type icon
# Set browser.chrome.favicons to true
# Set browser.chrome.site_icons to true
# Restart Firefox

www.avaya.com
www.nortel.com
www.google.com
www.iplt20.com
www.royalchallengers.com

Reference:
http://www.getfavicon.org
http://www.iconsbank.com
http://www.technipages.com/firefox-enabledisable-bookmark-favicons.html
http://blogneedmoney.blogspot.com/2008/02/how-to-change-favicon-in-blogger-blog.html
http://www.mouserunner.com/Spheres_Icons_Index.html

Radio Resource Management

RRM, Part I
RRM, Part II
RRM, Part III, Dynamic Channel Assignment (DCA)
RRM, Part IV, TPC (Transmit Power Control)
RRM, Part V, Coverage Hole Detection

Reference:
http://wirelessccie.blogspot.com/2009/08/rrm-radio-resource-management-deep-dive.html

useful Freeware tools for windows

Notepad ++
Vim - Vi IMproved
Win Tail - Tail for Win32

3CDaemon - TFTP, FTP and Syslog server for Win32

Wireshark - network protocol analyzer
Bit-Twist - Ethernet packet generator

bittwist -d
bittwist -i "\Device\NPF_....888}" dhcp.pcap

Sysinternals Suite - Sysinternals single Suite of tools
ZoomIt - utility for zooming and drawing on the screen
TCPView - Active socket command-line viewer

Free Ware:
Sysinternals Utilities Index - http://technet.microsoft.com
CDBurnerXP - burn CDs and DVDs --> http://cdburnerxp.se/download
CCleaner - Optimization and Cleaning --> http://www.piriform.com
Defraggler - File Defragmentation --> http://www.piriform.com
Recuva - File Recovery --> http://www.piriform.com
Speccy - System Information --> http://www.piriform.com


not complete...

PS3 - FAT32 - 4GB size limit

Problem once i thought cannot be solved, got resolved unexpectedly!!!

Problem:
1. My PS3 was not detecting some portable external HDD
2. The HDD detected by PS3 is not allowing me to copy file of size 6GB

Solution:
1. PS3 will take all partition which is having file system FAT32. NTFS won't work for him :-).
2. FAT32 has 4GB file size limitation.

Cluster size = 32KB --> 2^15
Tottal Cluster = 28bit --> 2^28
Max partition size = 2^(28+15) --> 2^43 --> 8 terabyte

File size is stored as a 32 bit number (2^32 = 4GB).
So FAT32 won't allow files which is having size more than 4GB.

Reference:
understanding-file-size-limits-on-ntfs-and-fat
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table

Laptops

Power - ultimate speed for complex applications -> Intel Core i7
Multimedia - ideal for video playback and multitasking -> Intel Core 2 Duo
Normal - everyday use -> Intel Pentium Dual-Core

Reference:
http://www.dell.co.in/home/laptops
http://www.intel.com/products/laptop/index.htm
HP - VERSATILE-PERFORMANCE
http://www.priceindia.in/laptop
http://www.youtube.com/user/channelintel
Processor Numbers - Intel Core Processors

Ideal body weight

Body Mass Index = Weight / (height in meter * height in meter)

Enter height in centimeter: Enter weight in kilograms: Press the calculate button to see your ideal weight:

Your ideal weight in kg:
Lowest healthy weight in kg:
Highest healthy weight in kg:
Weight loss to get to healthy (kg):

Reference:
http://www.wdxcyber.com/bmi.htm

online FM radio

download Winamp playlist for some Malayalam FM radios from here.

Reference:
http://www.shoutcast.com/Internet-Radio/malayalam
http://andomedia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/47

802.11 channels

UNII - Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
DFS - Dynamic Frequency Selection
TPC - Transmitter Power Control

5GHz radio devices should follow 802.11h specification - DFS and TPC

UNII2 - (52, 56, 60, 64 ==> 5250MHz - 5350MHz)
UNII2 Ext - (100, 104, 108, 112, 116, 120, 124, 128, 132, 136, 140 ==> 5470MHz - 5725MHz)

FCC Rule requires that products operating in the UNII-2 and UNII-2 extended bands must support Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS), to detect and automatically adjusts channels to protect WLAN communications from interfering with military or weather radar systems.



Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WLAN_channels
http://www.intel.com/support/wireless/sb/CS-025343.htm
white_paper_80211n_design_and_deployment_guidelines.html
Cisco - FCC Regulations Update
wiki - ETSI

3d

Avatar is being released in Digital 3d, so there are no colored lenses to wear. ;-)





Reference:
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091214025502AAKohsd

radix tree

PATRICIA - "Practical Algorithm To Retrieve Information Coded In Alphanumeric"
Radix Tree gives fastest possible ways to search prefixes.
With radix tree every internal node has at least two children.

radix trees are useful:
1. for constructing associative arrays with keys expressed as strings.
2. in the area of IP routing.
3. inverted indexes of text documents in information retrieval.
4. to map between real and virtual IRQ numbers.
5. in the memory management code, to quickly find pages which are dirty.



reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_tree
http://lwn.net/Articles/175432
http://code.google.com/p/radixtree

multicast in detail

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP).

Multicast receiver inform the network that they are interested in receiving packets sent to that group. Hence a multicast distribution tree is constructed at the switch.



IGMP snooping takes place internally on L2 switch and its an optional feature for IGMP. It prevents the hosts from receiving unnecessary multicast traffic (DOS attack).

With IGMP snooping enabled,
-> when a switch hears an IGMP report / Join group from a host the switch adds the host's port number to the multicast list.
-> when the switch hears an IGMP report / Leave group, it removes the host's port from the table entry.

Reference:
IGMPv3 report packet - pcap
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGMP
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGMP_snooping
http://www-net.cs.umass.edu/kurose/network/mcast/mcast.htm

video streaming using VLC

I have used "VLC media player 1.0.3 Goldeneye".

ON THE SERVER SIDE


-> Select "Media -> Streaming"


-> Add video file and press Stream


-> Select Next


-> Select "Display localy"
-> Select New destination as "UDP"
-> Select "Add"


-> give Address as "230.1.2.3"
-> address can be in between 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
-> And default port 1234



ON THE CLIENT SIDE


-> Select "Media -> Open Network Stream"


-> Give Protocol as "UDP"
-> Give Address as "230.1.2.3"
-> Give default port "1234"

Reference:
http://www.engadget.com/2005/11/29/how-to-stream-almost-anything-using-vlc

"ip forward-protocol udp ..." why???

IP Address: 192.168.30.201
Subnet mask: 255.255.240.0

Broadcast Address: BA = (IP) | ~(SM)

192.168.30.201 |
0.0.15.255
--------------
192.168.31.255

Broadcast Address: 192.168.31.255

Broadcast - A transmission to all interface cards on the network.
* Limited Broadcast - Sent to all NICs on the some network segment as the source NIC. It is represented with the 255.255.255.255 TCP/IP address. This broadcast is not forwarded by routers so will only appear on one network segment.
* Direct broadcast - Sent to all hosts on a network. Routers may be configured to forward directed broadcasts on large networks. For network 192.168.31.0, the broadcast is 192.168.31.255.

It selectively forward limited UDP broadcasts received on an IP interface to a configured IP address.
The default ports forwarded are:

• Time service (port 37)
• TACACS service (port 49)
• Domain Naming System (port 53)
• Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) (port 69)
• NetBIOS Name Server (port 137)
• NetBIOS Datagram Server (port 138)

Reference:
Cisco IOS IP command referance - "ip forward-protocol"
http://www.comptechdoc.org/independent/networking/guide/netbroadcasting.html

linux 2.6.32 installation on Fedora Core 12

Download Linux 2.6.32 source code from here.
Download the config file for 2.6.32 from here.

vi /sbin/installkernel
>> /sbin/new-kernel-pkg --dracut ...

cd /usr/src/kernels
tar xjvf linux-2.6.32.tar.bz2
mv config.32.2 .config
make oldconfig
make
make modules_install
make install

Reference:
Fedora Core 11 Intallation
Linux 2.6.31 Installation
Linux 2.6.32 Installation

make a mininal linux kernel from Fedora Core 12

Details about Fedora Core 11 installation click here.

1. allocate 12GB of HDD space
   (don't select "Allocalte all disk space now")
2. Allocate 400MB of RAM
   (required for graphical mode installation)
3. Install FC12 on VMware
4. Review and modify partitioning layout
   (select "Create custom layout")
5. Delete VolGroup, sda1 and sda2 partitions
6. Create 800MB swap space
7. Create EXT4 file system and mount pount "/"
8. Un-select everything in software selection
9. Select the default repository 
   ("Installation Repo")
10. Select "customize now" for software selection
11. Again un-select everything in software selection
12. A total of 200 packages will get installed.

mkdir /mnt/cdrom
vi /etc/fstab
>> /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660 defaults 0 0
mount /dev/cdrom
cd /mnt/cdrom/Pakages
rpm -ivh deltarpm* python-deltarpm* libxml2-python*
rpm -ivh createrepo*
cd /mnt
createrepo .

cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
vi fedora.repo >> enabled=0
vi fedora-updates.repo
>> baseurl=file:///mnt
>> #baseurl
>> #mirrorurl
>> enabled=1
>> gpgcheck=0

yum install ftp make which vim gcc ctags ncur*
yum install dhclient bzip2 man man-pages kernel-devel
yum install ntsysv gpm openssh* strace ...

vi /etc/syscofig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
>> DEVICE=eth0
>> ONBOOT=yes
>> BOOTPROTO=dhcp

vi ~/.bashrc
>> alias vi='/usr/bin/vim'

vi /sbin/installkernel
>> /sbin/new-kernel-pkg --dracut ...

For the installation of kernel 2.6.32 refer here.
Other:

rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-fedora

Reference:
http://www.brandonhutchinson.com/cpio_command.html

gcc internals - 2

.globl _start

.section        .rodata
LC0: .string "hello world!!!\n"

.section        .text
_start:
 mov $LC0, %ecx
 mov $15, %edx
 mov $1, %ebx
 mov $4, %eax
 int $0x80

 mov $42, %ebx
 mov $1, %eax
 int $0x80

as tiny.s -o tiny.o
gcc -Wall -s -nostdlib tiny.o -o tiny; (448 bytes)
ld -s tiny.o -o tiny; (320 bytes)
./tiny ; echo $?

#define VADDR 0x08048000

.globl _start

.section .text
ehdr:
 .byte 0x7F
 .ascii "ELF"
 .byte 1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0  #16 (ELF magic header)
 .short 2                       #2 (type)
 .short 3                       #2 (machine)
 .long 1                        #4 (version)
 .long start + VADDR            #4 (entry)
 .long phdr                     #4 (phdr offset)
 .long 0                        #4 ()
 .long 0                        #4 ()
 .short ehdrsize                #2 (ehdr size)
 .short phdrsize                #2 (phdr size)
 .short 1                       #2 (phdr no.)
 .short 0
 .short 0
 .short 0
.equ ehdrsize, phdr - ehdr

phdr:
 .long 1                        #4 (type)
 .long 0                        #4 ()
 .long VADDR                    #4 (virtual addr)
 .long VADDR                    #4 (physic addr)
 .long filesize                 #4 (file size)
 .long filesize                 #4 (mem size)
 .long 5                        #4 ()
 .long 0x1000                   #4 ()
.equ phdrsize, start - phdr

start:
 mov $LC0+VADDR, %ecx
 mov $15, %edx
 mov $1, %ebx
 mov $4, %eax
 int $0x80

 mov $42, %ebx
 mov $1, %eax
 int $0x80

LC0:
.ascii "hello world!!!\n"
.equ filesize, end - ehdr

end:

cpp tiny.s > tiny.i
as tiny.i -o tiny.o
objcopy -O binary tiny.o tiny
chmod +x tiny

Referance:
http://www.muppetlabs.com/~breadbox/software/tiny/teensy.html
http://svn.gna.org/svn/grub4dos/branches/test/stage2/bootlacestart.S
http://timelessname.com/elfbin

gcc internals

gcc -v
gcc --print-search-dirs
gcc -print-prog-name=cc1
ld --verbose
objdump -h hello
objdump -d -j .text hello
readelf -S hello
objcopy -R .comment hello hello_new

objdump -t humble
nm humble

GCC Options:

-E (pre-process)
-S (assemble)
-c (compile)

.text    executable code
.data    initialized global/local static variable.
.bss     non initialized static global/local variable.

cat > hello.c << EOF
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    printf("hello world!!!\n");
    _exit(0);
}
EOF
cat > hello.lds << EOF
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("/lib");
SECTIONS
{
  . = 0x08048000 + SIZEOF_HEADERS;
  .text           : { *(.text) }
  .rodata         : { *(.rodata) }
  .data           : { *(.data) }
  .got            : { *(.got.plt) }
  .bss            : { *(.bss) }
}
EOF

gcc -E hello.c > hello.i
gcc -S hello.i
gcc -c hello.s
gcc hello.o -o hello

cpp hello.c > hello.i
`gcc -print-prog-name=cc1` hello.i
as hello.s -o hello.o
ld -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 -Thello.lds -o hello hello.o -lc

Referance:
http://www.tenouk.com/ModuleW.html

Linux, Sendmail and Gmail.com

i have tested this on Fedora code 7 only

Add these lines just before MAILER in the file "/etc/mail/sendmail.mc"

dnl
FEATURE(`authinfo',`hash /etc/mail/auth/client-info')dnl
LOCAL_DOMAIN(`cookie.uucp')dnl
define(`SMART_HOST',`smtp.gmail.com')dnl
define(`RELAY_MAILER_ARGS', `TCP $h 587')
define(`ESMTP_MAILER_ARGS', `TCP $h 587')
define(`confAUTH_MECHANISMS', `EXTERNAL GSSAPI DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5 LOGIN PLAIN')dnl
define(`CERT_DIR', `MAIL_SETTINGS_DIR`'certs')dnl
define(`confCACERT_PATH', `CERT_DIR')dnl
define(`confCACERT', `CERT_DIR/CAcert.pem')dnl
define(`confSERVER_CERT', `CERT_DIR/mycert.pem')dnl
define(`confSERVER_KEY', `CERT_DIR/mykey.pem')dnl
define(`confCLIENT_CERT', `CERT_DIR/mycert.pem')dnl
define(`confCLIENT_KEY', `CERT_DIR/mykey.pem')dnl
FEATURE(masquerade_envelope)dnl
FEATURE(masquerade_entire_domain)dnl
MASQUERADE_AS(`comcast.net') dnl
FEATURE(genericstable, `hash -o /etc/mail/genericstable') dnl
GENERICS_DOMAIN_FILE(`/etc/mail/genericsdomain')dnl
MAILER(local)dnl
dnl

mkdir /etc/mail/auth
touch /etc/mail/auth/client-info
chmod 700 /etc/mail/auth
chmod 600 /etc/mail/auth/client-info

update "/etc/mail/auth/client-info" with

AuthInfo:smtp.gmail.com "U:smmsp" "I:USER_ID" "P:PASSWD" "M:PLAIN"
AuthInfo:smtp.gmail.com:587 "U:smmsp" "I:USER_ID" "P:PASSWD" "M:PLAIN"

cd /etc/mail/auth
makemap -r hash client-info.db < client-info
make -C /etc/mail
echo "cookie!cookie!asterisk humble@testing.com" >/etc/mail/genericsdomain
service restart sendmail

echo "test mail contents" > ~/1
mail -s "Test Mail" MyMail@Domail.com < ~/1

mailq

Referance:
http://www.linuxha.com/other/sendmail/gmail.html
http://www.notesbit.com/index.php/scripts-unix/linux-sendmail-automation-and-comcast-net-how-to-setup