Autonegotiation

Autonegotiation is an Ethernet procedure by which two connected devices choose common transmission parameters, such as speed and duplex mode.

In the OSI model, autonegotiation resides in the physical layer.
It is defined in the IEEE standard 802.3ab.

Fast link pulse (FLP) burst
The FLP signals are generated automatically at power-up; it is used to send information about device capabilities.
The pulse is transmitted with a repeating sequence of a 16 ± 8-ms.

The FLP burst is made as follows:
There are 17 pulses at distance 125 µs. In the middle between each set of two consecutive pulses, another pulse may or may not be present. The presence of a pulse represents a logical 1, the absence a logical 0.
As a result, every burst represents a logical word of 16 bits called link code word (LCW).



A link is considered down if neither a packet nor the pulses are received for 50-150 ms.

If a dual-speed 10/100 Ethernet interface with Auto-Negotiation is connected to a 10BASE-T hub that does not have Auto-Negotiation, the interface will generate FLPs but will only receive NLPs from the 10BASE-T hub. The Auto-Negotiation protocol in the interface will detect the presence of Normal Link Pulses and automatically place the interface in 10BASE-T mode.

When an Auto-Negotiation hub with multiple capabilities in its ports is connected to an interface that only supports 100BASE-TX and is not equipped with Auto-Negotiation, the Auto-Negotiation protocol will set the hub port to operate in 100BASE-TX mode.

For copper-based boards, the keywords interact as follows:
The default operation is auto-negotiate. The board advertises all supported speed and duplex combinations, and it links at the highest common speed and duplex mode IF the link partner is set to auto-negotiate.
If Speed = 1000, limited auto-negotiation is enabled and only 1000 Mbps is advertised.
If Speed = 10 or 100, then both Speed and Duplex should be set. Auto-negotiation is disabled, and the AutoNeg parameter is ignored. Partner SHOULD also be forced.

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ethtool is a Linux net driver diagnostic and tuning tool for the Linux 2.4.x (or later) series of kernels.

ethtool eth0
ethtool –s eth0 speed 100 duplex full autoneg off
ethtool –s eth0 autoneg on

Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonegotiation
http://www.foundrynet.com/ss/resource-center/ethernet-auto.html

Guid to fill ITR Yourself

Disclaimer:

Flow the blog with your own risk!!!

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Information about Income Tax Return E-Filing can be found here.

----------------steps to the e-filing----------------
1. Get all Form-16 from the Employers.
2. Create an account at Income Tax e-Filing Website.
3. Download ITR-1 for A.Y 2009-10 from here.
4. Fill up the form with information provided in Form-16.
   a. ITEM 1 -> ITEM 6 from Form-16 (Add all).
   b. ITEM 4 -> ITEM 9 from Form-16 + Savings not in Form-16 (Add all).
   c. ITEM 4m -> Copy from the same sheet
Give ITEM 7 from ITR-1 to Income tax calculator.
   d. ITEM 8a -> Total income tax - Education cess - SHEC

Ex:- for 5,00,000/- the total income tax is 56,650/-, Education cess is 1,100/- and SHEC is 550/-. Here tax payable of aggregate income is 55,000/-(56,650 - 1,100 - 550).

   e. ITEM 9c -> Education cess + SHEC
5. After filling up the form, Generate tax return XML.
6. Submit the ITR without digital signature for A.Y 2009-10.
7. Take printout of acknowledgment/ITR-V Form.
8. Post the signed ITR-V to Income Tax Department.

Form ITR-V to be mailed in a A4 size envelope BY ORDINARY POST ONLY to “Income Tax Department – CPC, Post Box No – 1, Electronic City Post Office, Bangalore – 560100, Karnataka” within thirty days after the date of e-filing of return. No Form ITR-V shall be received in any other office of the Income-tax Department or in any other manner.

No supporting shall be attached with your IT return. Simply fill up your ITR-1 and file. As per the instructions, any attachments(including Form-16) with ITR will be returned back to the assessee by the Dept. across the counter. However, keep all your additional savings details in your record for filing with Dept. as and when called for

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Reference:
http://www.investmentyogi.com/cs/forums/t/290.aspx
http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jul/06tax.htm
http://www.pankajbatra.com/2009/06/27/file-income-tax-return-online-yourself

The Final Countdown

We're leaving together
but still it's farewell
and maybe we'll come back,
to earth, who can tell?

I guess there is no one to blame
we're leaving ground (leaving ground)
will things ever be the same again?
It's the final countdown.

The final countdown.

Oh, We're heading for Venus (Venus)
and still we stand tall
cause maybe they've seen us
and welcome us all, yeah
with so many light years to go
and things to be found (to be found)
I'm sure that we'll all miss her so
It's the final countdown.

The final countdown.

The final countdown (final countdown).

oh...oh

The final countdown.

Oh, it's the final countdown.

The final countdown.

The final countdown. (final countdown)

Oh, it's the final countdown
we're leaving together

The final countdown
we'll all miss her so
It's the final countdown (final countdown)
Oh, it's the final countdown